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humane dog ownership in Erfurt revealed


PETA Germany were leaked covert video footage from a warehouse in Erfurt, in the 30 shepherd dogs are kept in cruel conditions. The animals are trained to be guard dogs and used for breeding - their own needs clearly play no role. Their suffering is on the video footage clearly: locked up in kennels, some of which are too small, they are denied any social contact they learn appears to neither affection nor attention. The animal welfare dog ordinance requires that dogs must be able to go outside to see if the kennel are in enclosed spaces - this is not the case here. All water bowls are empty at the time of the recordings. At least a dog does not even have visual contact with the other shepherd dogs, which is also a violation. affect the animals are neglected, frightened and seek contact with the activists in the hall - as highly social animals, this attitude is pure torture for them
Although the competent veterinary was apparently more than once made aware of the situation happened, so far nothing! Of course, PETA says general against the keeping of dogs in the kennel, but account is not even the minimal legal compliance. Therefore something has to happen now - please join our call to action and read the whole story . The dogs are on us!

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DDR: SED - PDS - The Left

reappraisal of the GDR from the PDS / Die Linke not given

While the PDS still struggling to cope with their SED past, continue to proclaim the incorrigible old East German slogans. While the unit is not yet complete, the past is already displaced before they could be processed. Who today knows something of the destruction of families through forced adoptions, of political ? Persecution and the destruction of resumes, the ransom of prisoners and their particular impact on affected people and their relatives, the explanation of the PDS is the construction of the Wall and its responsibility for the GDR past unsatisfactory: Once again it can be a clear commitment to respect human rights and liberal order vermissen.Mit the subsequent appeal, we want to remind the public of the crimes of the past, of which the PDS has not distanced hat.Die East Germany was a criminal state. She has violated the human rights of all dissident GDR residents for decades on the most difficult. Recall!

looked like in reality? - The GDR life was:
scheduled hate education in all educational institutions
compulsory military education classes and pre-military training derJugendlichen
obligation of all spiritual practitioners - judges included priority - for partisanship
denial of domestic and international movement
an omnipresent state security service
advantage of international terrorism
intra systematic Terror high imprisonment
torture and inhumane prison conditions
forced adoptions for political reasons
compulsory membership in paramilitary combat troops
forced expulsions
around one thousand illegal Killings at the wall and inner-German border
executions "for educational reasons"
murders disguised as suicides or accidents.

were responsible for this addition to the CPSU, the East German ruling party, the SED. After the peaceful revolution, she slipped into another dress and took the name PDS and is aiming for further participation. For the victims of human rights abuses committed until 1989 the East German Stalinist SED under the rule of the re-recorded increase in the power of this party, a hard-to-enduring development. While the victims of Wall Murder, political persecution and imprisonment of spying and Studierverbot were irretrievably deprived of life perspectives will, the renamed SED those hundred thousand-fold as a result of fate shoulder shrugging sadly inevitable erroneous path of the party stand up in order to pave the way for new power. In contrast, we protest.
We call on all democratic forces to pursue only those with a collaboration that make a clear commitment to respect human rights and democratic basic order and do it at all political levels.

* INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS German Section eV

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DDR: Prague Spring

The Prague Spring (1968)

On the night of 20 to 21 August 1968 move troops five Warsaw Pact countries in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) a. So that as the "Prague Spring" reform attempts designated the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia are forcibly terminated. The First Secretary of the Party, Alexander Dubcek, was arrested with the entire Politburo and taken to the Soviet Union. On 26 August 1968 they have in the "Moscow Protocol" promise the return of the reforms. Dubcek is then sold in April 1969 in favor of a pro-Moscow successor.
on Following the election of the reformist Communist Party leader Dubcek to the fifth January 1968 will be launched in Czechoslovakia at once political and economic reforms. Trade unions and cultural organizations receive more autonomy, the censorship is lifted. The leadership of the Communist Party remains untouched. Propagated by the Dubcek "socialism with a human face" to see many reform communists as evidence of the possibility of a third way, that individual freedoms may be granted under communism.

is in the eyes of the Soviet Union, the Prague Spring, however, a danger to the unity of the Eastern bloc dar. The Socialist Unity Party (SED) has attacked the price of the Czechoslovak comrades from the beginning as a counter-revolutionary and a threat to peace. Above all, the spread of the Prague reform communism, the GDR is feared. The SED defended therefore, the crushing of the Prague Spring. Units of the National People's Army (NPA) are not otherwise contrary to statements by the East German government directly involved in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. You pay merely support and backup tasks, and remain, apart from individuals and small groups on the territory of the GDR. When, after 21 August 1968 comes in the GDR, demonstrations and distribution of leaflets, the protests are suppressed by the security organs of the GDR.

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BRD / DDR / USA: NATO

NATO is
As part of the East-West conflict on 4 April 1949 in Washington, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded. Made of a civilian and a military alliance are part of existing in 10 European countries and Canada and the USA. Greece and Turkey enter 1952. Disputes between members should only be resolved peacefully. In the attack on a Member State of the others are committed to the assistance. In the defense case, the national armed forces under a joint NATO command.

The Paris Agreements create the conditions for the accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO. On 5 May 1955 connect the treaties in force. Four days later, the Federal Republic joined NATO, and begins with the establishment of their own armed forces. In contrast to the other NATO countries but may not hold a general staff own and must make their armed forces in peacetime NATO.

With the appointment of the Christian Democrat Theodor Blank the first defense minister in June 1955 began the construction of a West German Army - the Bundeswehr. The preparations continued for years but one before: In October 1950, at the behest of Adenauer set up the "Service Blank. She developed into a nucleus of the later of Defense.
Because of differences with the United States ruled France in 1966 from the military component of NATO, but remains a member of the political organization. The NATO headquarters will be moved then from Paris to Brussels.
The symbol of NATO, the wind rose. Its primary political body is the Permanent Council, which meets under the chairmanship of NATO Secretary General. The Permanent Council, all Member Countries and vote. The central military committee of NATO's Military Committee, composed of the chiefs of NATO countries. In 1961, with Adolf Heusinger first time a German general chairman of the Military Committee.

NATO Double-Track Decision
mid-70s replaced the Soviet Union aimed at Western Europe, medium-range nuclear missiles by modern SS-20 missiles with greater explosive power. The federal government under Helmut Schmidt sees this as the strategic balance in Europe at risk. Schmidt calls 1977 the NATO on to counter-measures to balance the qualitative and quantitative superiority of the Soviet Union in the medium-range missiles. By adopting this objective, the foreign and defense ministers of NATO member states on 12 December 1979 in Brussels the NATO double-track decision.
The decision provides for negotiations with the Soviet Union over the elimination of intermediate-range missiles. For a failure of the talks is the U.S. but after four years - also deploy medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe - ie end of 1983. NATO Double-Track Decision leads in many Western European countries to a strengthening of the peace movement relating to the retrofitting position. In the Federal Republic, they can mobilize hundreds of thousands of citizens. The peace movement also align themselves with parts of the SPD. Finally, Chancellor Schmidt of his own party can not be sure. On 30
November 1981 start in Geneva disarmament negotiations between the U.S. and the USSR. By November 1983, however, remain inconclusive. The German Bundestag therefore shares on 22 November 1983 the votes of the CDU / CSU and FDP, the stationing of new U.S. medium-range missiles in the Federal Republic. Even during the two-day debate protesting supporters of the peace movement against the retrofit. A day after the resolution of the Bundestag broke the Soviet Union from the Geneva talks.

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BRD / DDR / USA: The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis
In October 1962 the world stares in horror, Cuba. American reconnaissance planes have discovered Soviet missile launchers there, the nuclear warheads. President Kennedy immediately ordered a naval blockade of the island and is determined to take a nuclear war if need be tolerated. The world holds its breath. On 28 October declared the Soviet party and government leader Nikita Khrushchev finally agreed to the nuclear missile to withdraw from Cuba.

with the Cuban missile crisis and the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War reached its climax at the same time also a turning point. The direct confrontation of the two superpowers in the Cuban missile crisis is on both sides of the growing realization that a nuclear war prevented under all circumstances and disarmament measures should be initiated. To improve communication between the two world powers, is installed after the Cuban missile crisis in June 1963 a "hot line" (a direct telex connection) between the White House in Washington and the Kremlin in Moscow.

refrain superpowers from now on to direct military confrontation. Their interests are focused on the areas of the globe, which are distributed is not clear between East and West. In Indochina enter the U.S. in the Vietnam War, the Soviet Union has problems on its border with China and needs to rest in the West. The world is looking less and less in the 60s to Germany and Berlin. This also means that the policy towards Germany is increasingly becoming a matter for the Germans themselves.

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DDR: The Cold War

The Cold War
The action of the USSR in Eastern Europe and its German occupation zone raised the suspicions of the Western powers. On 5 March 1946 says the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill an "Iron Curtain "which had been built by Josef Stalin in Europe. The Soviet Union, for its part, has threatened not understand the policy on Germany by the Americans and is encouraged by the nuclear weapons monopoly of the United States. The mutual distrust and the inability to form a single implementation of the Potsdam Agreement inevitably lead to a failure of the four-power government about Germany.

Because the interests of the United States and the Soviet Union, Iran, Turkey and Greece come in successive unbridgeable, announces President Harry S. Truman on March 12 In 1947 the policy of "containment", ie the Containment of communism. In Germany does the containment policy of immediately: So by the should Marshall Plan and the spread of communism in Central Europe can be prevented. First, however, the necessary currency reform should be carried out. The introduction of the Deutschmark in the Western sectors of Berlin then forms the trigger for the Berlin blockade .
By blocking the Soviet Union wants to force the Western powers to abandon their London on the six-power conference in the spring 1948 decision taken on the establishment of a West German state. Soviet policy fails, however, and contributes to an improvement of anti-communism in West Germany. The Berlin blockade fails after nearly a year at the Airlift and the will to resist the West Berlin.

The escalation of the Cold War
In 1955 completed the political and military integration of the two German states in the eastern and western power bloc. West Germany joins NATO and receives its sovereignty. In foreign policy is to Bonn next to the U.S., particularly in France is an important political partner. The platform is run by Chancellor Adenauer and French President de Gaulle reconciliation culminated in 1963 in the Franco-German friendship treaty. The GDR also receives its sovereignty in 1955 and belongs in the same year of the founding members of the Warsaw Pact. Foreign policy, the GDR is directed by the Soviet Union, which claims the leadership of the entire Soviet bloc.

Chancellor Adenauer imprinted in the 50 years the domestic and foreign policy of the Federal Republic and gained international recognition. The statesman Adenauer stands after winning an absolute majority in the Bundestag election in 1957 at the height of his power. His resignation in 1963 marked the end of an era.
In the GDR, Walter Ulbricht and 1971 determined the political and cultural life. Virtually unchallenged, he will survive through the de-Stalinization 1956 triggered the crisis in the Soviet bloc, during which there will be uprisings in Poland and Hungary.
The economic and social stabilization of the Federal Republic of Germany falls rapidly evolving in the 50s. The production and export figures are rising rapidly. The unemployment rate drops in 1961 to below 1%. The huge economic boom, especially the residents appears to be an "economic miracle" enables the creation of numerous social backups.

In the GDR stabilized in the second half of the 50's the economic situation. Despite undeniable successes, the economy remains a concern of the East German government. In 1956 with great optimism priced into force 2 Five-Year Plan has be broken out 1959th The economic problems and the forced collectivisation in agriculture and the crafts can dramatically increase the number of refugees again.
The open border in Berlin is therefore increasingly important for the East German government intolerable. The construction of the wall on 13 August 1961 cordoned off the communist regime of West Berlin hermetically. All communications between the two halves of the city be stopped overnight, also the "frontier West" to the Federal Republic. The wall also cemented the German division. However, since the legal status of West Berlin is not affected, the Western powers limited to ineffective protests.

statesman Adenauer
After the election to Chancellor Konrad Adenauer 1949 achieved very soon, the use of the Basic Law created special position of the Office fully. His political experience from the time of the Weimar Republic he benefits there. Chancellor Adenauer shapes the politics of his time, so its long term is referred to in retrospect as the Adenauer era. He is one of the few German politicians with a worldwide reputation and numerous international awards. After his resignation as Chancellor Adenauer written his memoirs, in which he describes his political life.
from the division of Germany and Europe Adenauer draws the conclusion not to engage in political swing, but the Federal Republic to integrate tightly into the Western world. Step by step he is, therefore, the integration with the West in the fight by the opposition. The risk associated deepening of the division he does consciously. A condition for the integration with the West sees Adenauer in a Franco-German reconciliation. With the in January 1963 signed the Elysée Treaty then the foundation for a close German-French cooperation is laid.
At the end of the 50's lost the momentum of the initial period. Adenauer's policy will be features of the solidification. In particular, the policy for Germany, the Chancellor is able to give any new impetus. Almost convulsively again and again to be the right to reunification and the sole representative the Federal Republic of Germany stressed.

From 1950 to 1966 Adenauer is also national chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The party to whose construction he has rendered great service he needs, especially for election campaigns. Adenauer is a master of the campaign. He is based primarily on the power of speech. Even the election meeting is more important than television. In plain language, he is courting support for his policies. The enemy is clearly identified, with Adenauer did not shrink from defamation.

division of Germany
The year 1955 marks the completion of the political and military integration of the two German states the respective blocks. The early as the late 40's incipient shift in the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic to the west and east will continue. While the East German government to enhance economic exchanges with the CMEA countries, the Federal Republic sought with the European Economic Community (EEC) formation of a common market. The primary policy objective of both the Federal Republic and the GDR is officially the first quest for reunification.
The foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is marked in the 50 years because of their strict ties to the West. Outside the U.S., particularly in France is an important political partner. The Franco-German Reconciliation was sealed in 1963 by the Elysée Treaty. The target of Bonn and Paris merger of the West European countries receives the economic field by establishing the EEC in 1957 a new impetus. In Germany the policy has been to Bonn in 1969 and still claim to sole representation of the Hallstein Doctrine as the basis of the reunification policy. It is encouraged by the Western European countries and the USA.
The USSR and the German Democratic Republic there have been pushing the mid-50s for international recognition of both German states and ask the West to accept the existing borders in Europe. As the popular uprising in Hungary in 1956 shows that the Soviet Union tolerates despite Stalinization no differences within the bloc. The GDR
strikes against the Federal Republic will become an increasingly defining course. A reunion is for the Socialist Unity Party (SED) since the mid-50's only communist sign in under question. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 splits the divided city final in two halves.

economic miracle
The political ties to the West and the integration with the global economy help the Federal Republic in the 50 years the rapid resurgence. While the production and export figures are rising rapidly, the unemployment rate in 1961 drops to below 1 percent. For large sections of the population improve the living conditions due to substantial wage increases and an active state social policy. Everyday life and consumption patterns change significantly. Against the welfare orientation of the adult protest the youth who sees her life feeling expressed in the Rock 'n' roll.
The growing affluence and changing lifestyle needs of consumers. The income can be spent increasingly earlier priceless luxury goods. Household electrical appliances and their car are at the top the wish lists. A holiday is an affordable pastime. From the beginnings of mass tourism, the first domestic resorts are recorded. The increasing Engine not only promotes the urge to remote tourist destinations, but also the individual travel. Protest against the "Wohlstandsmief" and expresses the lifestyle of adults to youth. She is looking for new models. Coca-Cola, jeans and rock 'n' roll are an expression of their lifestyle. A new, American-style youth culture emerges.

Not all people can benefit from the first economic miracle. This includes not only socially marginalized groups, but also large families and pensioners. With the help of special laws and social reforms of their possible connection to the general income development.
Economic growth promotes public and economic change. Agriculture will lose nearly two-thirds of its employees, but can increase their income through technology. The state has an active agricultural policy in order to secure the income of farmers. Despite all the warnings about the negative consequences for family life increases the participation rate of married women and mothers. They often work as unskilled women for low wages and have to bear the double burden of work and family. The role of woman as housewife and mother is still glorified, gradually reduced its legal discrimination.

The Wall
The simmering since the end of World War II Berlin crisis reached in November 1958 new heights: in an ultimatum demanded the USSR, the transformation of West Berlin into an "independent" free city and called on the Western powers to withdraw their troops from West Berlin and to cede the sovereignty of the access routes to the GDR. Nikita S. Khrushchev's Berlin ultimatum the birth of the Tri-State theory. Thereafter, in 1945 originated in Germany, three countries: the Federal Republic, the GDR and the "special territory of West-Berlin".
The Western powers fear that a free city of West Berlin in the long run would not be safe from the clutches of the USSR. They therefore reject the far-reaching demands of the Soviet Union, which is also against the rights and obligations of the Western powers for Berlin would be in breach. For the GDR, however, the open border to West Berlin is becoming increasingly unsustainable. To avert the growing refugee flows and the nascent, growing economic problems, see the East German government finally led to action: On 13 August 1961 cordoned off the yet-free access to West Berlin.

The GDR cemented with the Wall, the German division. The international legal status of West Berlin will not be affected. The reaction of Western powers is therefore limited to the posting of a U.S. military convoy on the transit route to Berlin. The Federal Government instigated in view of the intensified East-West tension and attempts to reassure the public resentment. Interrupts Chancellor Adenauer's first election campaign not fly and only on 22 August in Berlin. His behavior is, however, strongly criticized by the population and leads to losses in the general election for the CDU / CSU.
The construction of the wall is the Berlin crisis but not yet completed. As the end of October 1961 employees of the American administration are prevented from entering the country in the eastern sector, you cross the border crossing point "Checkpoint Charlie" demonstratively American tanks. A little later they are facing Soviet tanks. The world public is clear that the United States to their rights in Berlin exist, can alter the division of the city nothing. The American guarantee for the safety and freedom of West Berlin is on during the visit of President Kennedy in Berlin 26 June 1963 by this great in a speech publicly confirmed.

Discontent Republic
From the late '50s seems to slip away to Chancellor Adenauer's political leadership. The error margins and pile up: In domestic policy the scramble to lead the succession of President Heuss and the Spiegel Affair to severe criticism of the chancellor. In foreign policy concerns of the Wall in Berlin and the Cuban missile crisis of unrest. At the same time since the party wins the Godesberg 1959 SPD renewed increasingly attractive and insists government finally to take responsibility at the federal level. By his own party and coalition partner, the FDP is the aged Registrar shall 1963, to resign. His successor will be economic minister Ludwig Erhard. With the resignation of Adenauer ends an era of postwar German history.
The loss of prestige of the Government begins already before the presidential election 1959: After Adenauer in April 1959 announced its candidacy for the federal president announced he pulls them two months later. The successor of Theodor Heuss, the Federal Assembly elects 1 July 1959 Heinrich Lubke. The Spiegel affair in October 1962 provides for domestic political unrest. Many citizens in the actions of the Federal Government against the Hamburg news magazine is a serious threat to press freedom and the rule of law. It comes to violent protests by the population. Ultimately, the charges stand against the "mirror" out to be unfounded.
In foreign policy takes place in the early 60's a change: After the Berlin Wall and the Cuban missile crisis, the ratio changes between the two superpowers, U.S. and USSR. The cold war is gradually being replaced by a period of relaxation, in respect of the superpowers of their respective spheres of interest.
The problem of German Division is internationally increasingly less attention. The Federal Republic of Germany succeeds in adapting to this new development even after the change of Chancellor Adenauer to Erhard difficult.

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DDR: The end of the GDR GDR

The end of the GDR
The collapse of the GDR and the unification of the two German states 1989/90 only possible through changes in the Soviet Union since the mid-80s. In order to save the Soviet Union before the fall begins Mikhail Gorbachev , the new Soviet leader, with major reforms. Gorbachev eventually dispensed to the Soviet domination of the Eastern bloc and seeks to cooperate with the West. He is the Way for a democratization of Eastern Bloc countries. Especially in Poland and Hungary take advantage of new opportunities. From May 1989 Hungary begins with the removal of border fences with Austria. The full opening of the Hungarian border to the West following on 11 September 1989. fly over Hungary in the summer of 1989, tens of thousands of GDR citizens to West Germany.

same time as the mass exodus is also growing opposition movement within the GDR. The civil rights trust on the road and make their demands public - such as the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig.

The celebration of the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR on 7 October 1989 will be a fiasco. Besides the official ceremonies are held in many cities demonstrations against the communist regime. And more clearly shows that the not Socialist Unity Party (SED) is more in control. The resignation of Erich Honecker as general secretary of the SED and Chairman of State on 18 October 1989 heralds the collapse of the SED regime. The successor Egon Krenz it is not possible to stabilize the situation, as the state and party leadership is the influence on the population largely slipped. On 8 November 1989 the Politburo of the SED occurs resign.

With the opening of the Berlin Wall on the evening of 9 November 1989, the reunification of both German states and more likely. Although well-known intellectuals of the GDR for political reform in the GDR advertise, hopes the majority of East Germans to the German unit. The desire for rapid reunification shows the result of the first free parliamentary elections on 18 March 1990. The clear winner of the elections, the CDU is led Alliance for Germany, which advocates for the early accession to the Federal Republic. The new East German government under Prime Minister Lothar de Maiziere starts just trying to create the conditions for reunification. On 18 May 1990, the Treaty on economic, monetary and social union signed. Because the economic system of the GDR reform will not allow that the GDR does so on 1 July 1990 the economic system of the Federal Republic. A little later in Berlin to start the work on the contract agreement . Before the end of negotiations, the People's Chamber in a special meeting decided on 23 August 1990 the accession of the GDR on the scope of the Basic Law on 3 October 1990.

Because of the rights and responsibilities of the four victorious powers of World War II for Germany as a whole and Berlin, reunification is not possible, however, without their consent. Finally, when the Soviet Union recognizes that reunification is unstoppable, the victorious powers in February 1990 on some joint negotiations with the two German states: the so-called Two Plus Four talks . In the "Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, from 12 September 1990 will be the international legal aspects of unification regulated. Germany to receive back its full sovereignty.

In the night of 3 October 1990 thousands of people celebrating in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin, the accession of the GDR to the Federal Territory. In order for the unified German state is restored after 45 years. The following day the members of the Reichstag Building 663 Bundestag and the People's Chamber to the first session of the first all-German Bundestag together. The election on 2 December 1990 the first free all-German election is since 1932 Unique election winner, the Christian-liberal coalition government under Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who on 17 January 1991 elected the first all-German chancellor.

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: Wall and Fall of

From Wall to Wall fell
On Sunday, 13 August 1961, under the supervision of the police and National People's Army (NVA) sealed off the sector border to West Berlin sealed. Everywhere, roads torn, built tank traps and barbed wire. The wall is formed. It interrupts the growing links between the two generations in parts of the city. The population in both parts of Germany has expressed shock and shocked. Careful observers are less surprised, however: Since the end of the Second World War Berlin is one of the main foci of the East-West conflict.
Shocking scenes take place in the days of building the wall along the sector border. The separation barrier cuts over 50,000 East Berliners from their jobs from the west. The East German government reduced the number of border crossing points between the two halves of the city to seven. Complete Berlin transport network will be cut overnight to the border. The Brandenburg Gate - located directly on the wall - since the 13th August 1961, the symbol of German division.
was commissioned by Walter Ulbricht the Wall in complete secrecy by the authorities responsible for security matters secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) , Erich Honecker, was prepared. Even in his memoirs Honecker stands out with military precision the course of building the wall. The permission for fencing of West Berlin, the East German government had previously obtained by the USSR. The Soviet troops stationed in East Germany to help with the process of establishing the back to "anti-fascist protective wall".

fall of Honecker and the path to unity
As the successor of Erich Honecker resigned elects the Central Committee of SED 19 October Egon Krenz Secretary-General. The People's Parliament vote for him on 24 October for the Council of State. The people are disappointed, because he is considered the "Crown Prince" Honecker. More and more people demonstrate and demand political reforms. On 4 November 1989 gathered more than 500,000 protesters to rally on Alexanderplatz . Only four days later comes the Politburo resign. Due to the continuing mass exodus and the consequences of falls, the East German government under pressure. On the evening of 9 November proclaimed Politburo member Guenter Schabowski at an international press conference surprisingly restrictive travel facilities for leisure travelers who connect "immediately, without delay" in force. That same night, thousands flock to the border to West Berlin, where the border guards to open without a clear command numerous transitions.
The wall opening speeds up the decay power of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). On 13 November to announce the new government under Prime Minister Modrow deep reforms and a treaty community with the Federal Republic. The previous Ministry of State Security (Stasi) now the Office for National Security.
On 1 December decides the people's chamber, the leadership of the SED to be deleted from the Constitution, and on 3 December comes under pressure from his own party, the newly elected Politburo with Secretary Krenz back. The SED decides on a special party conference on 8 December, to break with the Stalinist past. The General Prosecutor launches investigation for abuse of authority and corruption against former SED leaders like Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke .

On Central Round Table negotiate since 7 December representatives of citizens' movements with representatives of the "old powers" of a democratic transformation of the GDR. In December 1989, however, demanded more and more protesters German unity. From the original slogan "We are the people!" is increasingly "We are one people!". But there on the part of citizens' movements, intellectuals and critics who warn of reunification and advocate for the independence of the GDR. Opponents of the unit, however, was booed during the demonstrations and withdraw. The majority of the population calls for a swift reunion.

The fall
After Hungary dismantles its border fortifications with Austria in May 1989 and on 11 September opens completely, there is repeated waves of emigration of East German citizens. This "voting with their feet" of Hungary and later the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) in the fall of 1989, production losses in the economy. The Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is threatening to close its border with East Germany. Simultaneously, the East German government will come through the protests and demonstrations of the "Stay here" to remain under pressure. To avoid a collapse of the GDR, the government decided to reform the Travel Act, the case of Wall initiates.
9th November 1989. To 18.57 clock raises Schabowski , member of the SED Politburo, an international press conference the journalists and reads haltingly in front of the cameras "from a piece of paper which has slipped to anyone," he confesses later, a decision of the Ministers to this a few minutes had been taken "private travel abroad may be made without proof of eligibility (travel or proving familial relationships) the permits are issued at short notice permanent exit can all border crossing points of the GDR to West Germany or Berlin (West).. success. " A Demand declared Schabowski, policy would come to his knowledge "immediately, without delay" in force.
During the night rush of thousands to the border to West Berlin. Without opening the border guards command transitions. In a delirious with joy beyond compare to other people fall into the arms and spontaneously celebrate the opening of the wall. This weekend, a human flood of millions of East German citizens in motion. In endless "Trabi" and "Wartburg" snakes, they go into the Federal Republic, visit explored cities and landscapes, they roam the "Shopping Paradise" with 100 D-Mark "welcome money" from the Federal Republic in the bag.
collapse of the power

After rally on Alexanderplatz on 4 November 1989 and the wall opening on 9 November, beating the events. The old power structures decompose rapidly, protesters calling for the German unit, members of the civil rights movements seek to achieve a democratic transformation of East Germany. On 13 November there will be a turning point in the People's Chamber . These will be selected - for the first time in a secret ballot - a new president, the chairman of the Democratic Farmers Party of Germany, Günther Maleuda . Prime Minister of the Dresdner SED District Secretary Hans Modrow .

Modrow announced in his policy statement radical reforms and a state compact with the Federal Republic. "Dangerous speculation about a reunion," but he issued a clear denial. On 26 November business, renowned personalities from politics, science, art and culture with the call "for our country" to the population. They support an independent East Germany, which is to form a "socialist alternative to the Federal Republic." End of November, however, at first demonstrations demands for reunification loud.

In Bundestag Chancellor Helmut Kohl brought on 28 November on his surprising 10-point program, as the concrete intermediate step on the path to unity provides a confederation. Willy Brandt sentence "Now grows together what belongs together" is a winged word.

melts away in a few weeks, the power of the SED: On 1 December underscores the People's Chamber to the leadership of the SED from the constitution. In a statement apologizing to Czechoslovakia them for the participation of the National People's Army from the crushing of the Prague Spring 1968th comes under pressure from the party base on 3 December, the Politburo of the SED under the leadership of Egon Krenz back. At a special party on 8 / 9 December proclaim the SED delegates break with the Stalinist past and do under the name SED-PDS as the "Party of Democratic Socialism" continue working. The lawyer Gregor Gysi is elected the new chairman. against Erich Honecker, Erich Mielke , Willi Stoph and other East German leaders are introduced because of the East German Prosecutor General's Office investigation of abuse and corruption.
demand for unity

Although dominated by the Leipzig Monday demonstrations and mass rallies in many other cities in late November, the call for democratic reforms in the GDR still, first calls for reunification are loud. "Germany, united- Fatherland "," No more experiments, reunification now stands on the banners of the demonstrators. The Monday demonstration on December 11, drowned while the new slogan "We are one people", the original slogan "We are the people", but there are also banners with slogans like "We do not have carbon on the clean lunch table, or slogans like" No sell-out of East Germany "and" we will not Brdige.

The differences between supporters and opponents of German unity on the demonstrations and more clearly. Many supporters of the opposition movements of citizens and intellectuals, calling for the independence of the GDR pull back. They warn of a economic sellout of the GDR, while the majority of the population calls for a swift reunion. The demonstrations will lose more and more of their original meaning, because the primary objectives - have been fought - political reforms and free elections. They are in the spring of 1990 to forums for campaign speeches with a view to the forthcoming People's Parliament elections. On 13 March 1990 take on the last Monday demonstration in Leipzig just 30,000 - some 50,000 people.

On 19 December 1989, Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Prime Minister Hans Modrow for talks in Dresden. Both agree to a "common agreement on cooperation and good neighborliness "complete. At a large rally in front of the ruins of the Dresden Frauenkirche Helmut Kohl thanked for the" peaceful revolution in East Germany "and calls for German unity as the goal of his policy," when the historic hour permits.

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DDR: The development of the 70s and early 80s

change and development in East Germany after the era to W. Ulbricht in the 70s and early 80s

change under Honecker
The marked the beginning of the Honecker era 1971 a new section in the GDR history.
Under Honecker, the SED fits return unconditionally to the Soviet leadership and seek to retain the "material and cultural standard of living of the people "increased.
The Eighth Congress of the SED decided in June 1971 the" unity of economic and social policy "and provides new benefits in view.

Behind the FRG back ...
Despite economic achievements remain the standard of living and quality of products in the GDR far behind the West German level back.

foreign exchange shortages and economic crisis
The rise in world prices in the 70 years the economy of the GDR heavily burdened. (see 1973 oil crisis)
In particular, the payment obligations to the west are more oppressive.
With the establishment a range Commercial Coordination (KoKo) in the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the GDR tried to counter the growing foreign debt.
But even the business of international coordination commercials do not stop the chronic Devisennot the GDR.

Honecker Erich Honecker himself ...
occurs already in 1929 with 17 years of the Communist Party. During the Third Reich imprisoned for 10 years, it is 1946 Chairman of the FDJ. As a member of the Politburo of the SED since 1958, Honecker organized the 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall .
1971 he was then elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED and Chairman of the National Defense Council. Honecker took over after 1976 also the chair of the State Council, he is - just like the time Ulbricht - the first man in the state and party of the GDR.

developments in the East: Commercial Coordination (KoKo)
the Collaboration of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) will be set up in 1966, the area of Commercial Coordination (KoKo) in the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
as head of the procurement of foreign exchange formed KoKo the Secretary of State and Stasi officer Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski is appointed. He builds the KoKo from an opaque to the present economic empire. Even before the dissolution of the KoKo in March 1990 Schalck-Golodkowski then flees on 3 December 1989 to West Berlin, to avoid his imminent arrest.
The GDR is expanding in the 70 years from their trade with the West to modernize its industry.
view of this and because of the explosion in commodity prices on the world market to increase the foreign debt of the GDR rapidly. Not only the imports from the West, but the debt must be paid in foreign exchange.
The procurement of urgently needed foreign exchange is primarily the responsibility of KoKo. To a lesser extent but also the international stores have to cover the amount required in the GDR.
since 1976 under the KoKo in fact in charge of economic affairs member of the Central Committee of the SED Günter Mittag. Except lunch only have General Erich Honecker and the Stasi chief Erich Mielke insight into the otherwise completely out of control operating KoKo.
scared to bring in foreign currency, the KoKo either before the sale of Nazi militaria and cultural objects from the GDR back before the international arms deals.
has also worldwide about 160 companies that generate foreign exchange from 1966-1989, some 29 billion marks - too little, then the collapse of the GDR in 1989 shows.

developments in the East: Intershop, exquisite and delicate
Back in the 60s, there is chronic shortage of foreign currency in the GDR. To bring in foreign currency so in 1962 the State Trading Organisation Intershop was founded. Out at border crossing points, on transit routes and stations established in Intershop's sell for Western currency duty free import of goods to travelers from the "capitalist countries".
The offer of the Inter-Services range from food to clothing, toys and jewelry to cosmetics. In many cases, these products in the GDR or otherwise not to get only low quality.
may by a decree from February 1974 by the Council of Ministers also citizens of the GDR on D-mark and have it for buying into the Intershop.
Since 1979 they have to exchange their money, but West before the East German State Bank Forum in check. Those who have wealthy relatives in the West or in other ways Western currency , Can reach shall acquire the coveted Intershop products.
The emergence of a "two-class society" leads to jealousy on the part of non-exchange reactions owners. Sometimes it even comes to attacks on Intershop.
To collect, the expected dissatisfaction, 1962 Exquisit transactions should be established. They offer - in addition to high-quality DDR products - especially imported textiles and leather goods, but can be paid to Mark of the GDR.
In 1976, then set up the delicate stores for imported food and beverages. While the Intershop about the price level of the Federal Republic of orientation, the prices in the exquisite and delicate stores are greatly exaggerated. Nevertheless, the demand for Western products in the GDR is large. is the end of the 80s, about 250 international stores, 350 Exquisite and delicate about 550 stores.

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DDR: Developments up to the 70s

the GDR until 1973

The last years of the era Ulbricht and the first years under Honecker in the GDR a time of political and economic stabilization. The SED is it possible to consolidate their regime. The new constitution of 1968 brings the leadership of the SED clearly expressed and describes the actual power relations more clearly than the Constitution of 1949. Also stressed the new constitution, the state Independence of the GDR, which is called a "socialist state of the German nation." The SED is therefore deliberately excluded from the West German policy, which adheres to the goal of reunification.
own ways is treading the GDR with the "Law on citizenship of the GDR " which terminates the single German citizenship. The SED theory of the development of an independent socialist nation in the GDR, however, rejected by the Federal Republic. The promoted especially by integrating deferred price of DDR is, however, more and more the efforts of the Soviet Union to relax through. Ulbricht as the early 70s, tried the new Ostpolitik to block the socialist-liberal coalition, he was replaced in May 1971. The
marked the beginning of the Honecker era 1971 a new chapter in the history of the GDR. Under Honecker, the SED fits return unconditionally to the Soviet leadership and strives to increase the "material and cultural living standard of the people". The Eighth Congress of the SED decided in June 1971 the "unity of economic and social policy" and provides new benefits in view. Despite economic success, however, remain the standard of living and quality of products in the East far behind that of western Germany.
The rise in world prices in the 70s burden on the economy of the GDR difficult. In particular, the payment obligations to the west are more oppressive. With the establishment of a range Commercial Coordination (KoKo) in the Ministry of Foreign Trade, the GDR tried to counter the growing foreign debt. But even the sometimes dubious business of international coordination commercials do not stop the chronic Devisennot the GDR.
first time since the Berlin Wall allowed to visit their relatives back in West Berlin in the east. New emphasis in the Ostpolitik is also trying to put the grand coalition . 1967/68, establishing diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia and Romania agreed.
The intention of Western integration now can at last follow progress in the east, forms the basis of the social-liberal coalition . Chancellor Willy Brandt and Foreign Minister Walter Scheel want to adjust the Bonn's foreign policy to the international expansion and reduce the resulting between the two German states fractures. Therefore, they provide according to the Germany of Brandt's political adviser Egon Bahr in 1963 developed concept of "change through rapprochement" on the sole representative claim and acknowledge the existence of the GDR. Then in Erfurt and Kassel first time in 1970 instead of intra-German summit .
Shortly after the inauguration of the Brandt government take Egon Bahr, now Secretary of State in the Chancellery, and the Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko on (1909-1989), the first exploratory talks on a non-aggression agreement. In August and December 1970 agreements signed by Moscow and Warsaw meet with fierce resistance from the CDU / CSU opposition in the Bundestag . Due to the very narrow majority relations, the Union attempted, the Brandt / Scheel, before the vote on the treaties with the East by a vote of no confidence overthrow. Although this attempt fails in the end not quite defined circumstances, Now the social-liberal coalition lost its majority. It is thus of early elections. From the federal election on 19 November 1972 go SPD and FDP emerged stronger.
After Bonn has accepted in the treaties of Moscow and Warsaw, the status quo in Europe, the USSR recognized the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin the situation in and around the divided city. The agreement signed in September 1971 is also the framework for further German-German negotiations. With the basic treaty of 21 December 1972 to take the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR official ties to one another. The Federal Republic but avoids the recognition in international law of the communist state. Although this is not a complete normalization of the German-German relations is possible, but the relationships are increasingly less inhibited. The conclusion of the "new Ostpolitik" is the Treaty of Prague of 11 December 1973.

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DDR: The Great Depression 1973

Great Depression 1973 - oil crisis

In the Israeli-Arab war of October 1973 (Yom Kippur War) put the Arab States, the first oil as a political football. With a delivery boycott and reduction of oil exports, the oil producing Arab states look to Israel as a friendly country and force Japan to change its attitude the Middle East conflict to zwingen.Die concerned Western powers react with comprehensive conservation programs to reduce energy consumption. The oil crisis suddenly makes the dependence of the growth company significantly on oil imports. It is one of the crucial factors by western industrialized countries, the worst economic crisis since the end of World War II is triggered.
Another reason for the severe recession in the global economy is in collapse of the international monetary order. It is caused by the high U.S. current account deficit as a result of capital exports in the context of the Vietnam War and the resulting dollar weakness. Given
the growing global interdependence is a solution to the economic problems of developed countries only through international agreements and common action possible. Since 1975, therefore, meet the leaders of the seven leading industrial nations once a year at a World Economic Summit to economic policy, but to advise public policy issues.
The Federal Republic of the boycott is hit hard as they cover their energy needs with imported oil to 55 percent. 75 percent of its crude oil imports from Arab countries it relates. The Bundestag therefore adopted on 9 November 1973 an Energy Security Act, which among other emergency measures provides for energy conservation.
After the relaxation of the political situation in the Middle East lifted oil production while, however, the selling prices increased dramatically. The Federal Republic has to pay 1974 for their imports about 17 billion marks more than in 1973.
Under the oil crisis particularly affected the auto industry and its suppliers. Domestically, sales of cars fall from the previous year by 24 percent. The export is declining. In contrast, the German bicycle industry in the first six months, after the oil crisis to increase its sales by around 25 percent. In the following decades, the industrialized countries try to become less dependent on oil imports. In part, the oil by other Energy sources such as coal, natural gas and replaced the controversial nuclear energy.
West German industrial companies to cut back because of scarce energy resources production part. When consumers make the necessary additional expenditure of energy to a fall in demand in other areas. Economic downturns, especially in the construction and automotive industry are forcing companies to short-time work, mass lay-offs and mergers. The unemployment rate increases 1973-1974 from 2.2 to 4.2 percent.

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dogs suffering in the Iditarod sled race


few days ago, the annual dog sled race Iditarod "has started again. The Iditarod is a sled dog racing, suffer from the year numerous dogs and die. The animals have to pull heavy sleds through the worst weather conditions - including wind speeds of 90 to 120km / h, so-called white-outs and temperatures down to -34 ° C. Their Feet are cut and bloody from scratches littered the ice and frozen ground is inside. end to this seemingly never-ending stretch muscles to pull a lot of dogs suffer stress fractures (also known as stress fractures) or suffer from diarrhea, dehydration and intestinal viruses.

At least 136 dogs have been on record in this race have died.
Six dogs died in 2009 in the Iditarod sled dog race. Two of them are probably frozen. The sled dog handler Lou Packer admitted that he could feel was formed under the skin as one of the two dogs before his death ice. Three other dogs died in the line of "unknown causes". The sixth animal also died for unknown reasons - the dog was in an airplane, after the team was eliminated from the race.

Today's event have not even met the original purpose of the Iditarod. These were a race along a mail route in order to bring emergency rations of diphtheria vaccine to Nome. Today, the participants - among which are hard to find Alaska Native - just waiting for the cash prize, and do almost anything to get this too.

Please take part in PETA Germany and demand action call on the sponsors of the Iditarod, set your support!

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DDR: Economic development policy of the GDR

compared East and West Germany regarding the economic and political development

The situation after 1945

Marshall Plan engages in West Germany, not in East Germany.

currency reform in West German area, introduction of the D-Mark. Linked to the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union (1948/49) and the airlift by the United States.

founding of the FRG on 24 May 1949 at London's six-power conference (UK, USA, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg).

founding of the GDR on 7 October 1949 by People's Congress, with Wilhelm Pieck as the first president of the GDR, Otto Grote well becomes prime minister. But in 1954 declared a sovereign state by the USSR.

Soviet Union controlled process and denazification in the GDR.

Higher monetary damage in eastern Germany, reparations to the USSR and Poland.

deep-sea ports broken and bruised without trade relations, internal market.

No deliveries of raw materials and manufactured goods.

Long time no oil production by Arab states.

removing the remaining industrial plants by the USSR

Hardly construction of heavy industry and neglect the development of light industry in the GDR.

land reform / expropriation / centralization / planned economy. Land reform expropriated millions of citizens. Result, fragmentation of agricultural production possibilities.
be paid through centralization had minimal profit margins of companies in the state.

Economic stagnation and extremely high national debt.

High disability in the East

The political situation in the 50s and 60s

foundation of mutual economic aid to Eastern European countries (CMEA)

establishment of NATO (1949) as a military alliance of Western Europe and North Atlantic.

1945 Foundation of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and respect human rights

1955 Establishment of the Warsaw Pact.

Korean War (1950-53) military of the USSR must be financed.

June 17, 1953 workers' uprising. Due to increased labor standards occur on June 17, 1953 strike that explodes in a workers' uprising. Protest movement for improved working conditions, free elections, separation of the government. Suppressed by Russian tanks.

No self-management / resolution of the five countries in 14 counties, capital of East Berlin

construction of the Wall on 13/08/1961

surveillance by the Stasi and IM, one-party state SED

boom in the 70s in the GDR

boom in the late 70s, with a high export products of the GDR.

From 1974 to take almost all States have diplomatic relations with East Germany.

consumer and social policy needs of the citizens will not yield.

full sovereignty of the GDR. International legal recognition worldwide. From 1974, almost all States to take diplomatic relations with East Germany.

experiment, the unity of economic and social policies to implement. attempt to increase productivity and innovative technology.

housing is improved. Every family should have the right to housing.

family support with child day care and better housing.

education: working families are preferred, together with social applications.

social program will be expanded, however, associated with high public debt.

stagnation in the 80s

Was it in the late 70s still feel a boost by Honecker, had to find the latest in the 80-ies a non-liftable more national debt. Episode: High borrowing and increased attempts of foreign exchange to . Come Billion in loans from the FRG to the GDR.

High export products of the GDR. Own citizens can not buy the products. (Exception: Intershop)

Listed are nationalized. There was no independence in the strict sense it no longer. VEB = state-owned enterprise

stability of the GDR's foreign policy is crumbling, but behind the facade.

Additional reforms by reform of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev (glasnost and perestroika).

Economic stagnation in the GDR national debt by economic planning and reforms, and extremely high.

Growing discontent of the population.

State Security: Massive expansion of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). Increase in "unofficial employees" (IM) to about 180,000. Highest density of secret police. Guarding every life area. Artists, Press

The turnaround time

Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland take on East German refugees in the embassies. The beginning of the end of the GDR.

1989 Hungary opened its borders. Large waves of refugees and Leipzig Monday demonstrations that ultimately lead to the downfall of the GDR regime, with the help of Gorbachev.

Even on 7.10.1989, on the 40. Party Congress is officially announced that the GDR "everything was in order." Ten days later was forced Honecker to resign.

Economic, political alliances, foreign policy, ideological and legitimating circumstances led to the collapse of the GDR.

The non-intervention of Soviet armed forces during the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig also sealed the very end of the GDR in advance.

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DDR: DDR

collapse of the GDR

1988
17.1. On the edge of the traditional demonstration on the anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested in the GDR's State Security Service about 120 people. Of these, 54 are forced to emigrate to West Germany.
11.2. The mayor of West Berlin, Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941) (CDU), will meet heads of state and Party chief of East Germany, Erich Honecker, for talks in East Berlin. It announces improvements in domestic travel and visitor traffic.
1.3. Residents of West Berlin can continue to stay at day trips to East Berlin there once.
3.3. For the first time after ten years there will be a summit meeting of representatives of government and the Protestant Church in the GDR.
19.6. The pop superstar Michael Jackson (born 1958) is in front of the Reichstag building in West Berlin, a concert. In the eastern part of the city gather some young people in the vicinity of the wall of acoustically participate in the spectacle. This leads to confrontations with the People's Police.
15.8. The GDR is diplomatic relations with the European Community (EC) on.
27.-29.9. The Heads of State and leader of the GDR, Erich Honecker said, after talks with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow the "Support for the course of the renewal of Soviet society."

1989
11.1. In East Berlin exit 20 East Germans wishing to leave the Permanent Representation in Bonn of the GDR. Impunity and the check them before their departure motions had been promised.
19.1. Erich Honecker insured, the wall would "remain in 50 and in 100 years still exist when the existing reasons for this are not removed."
2.5. Hungary begins with the removal of border fortifications with Austria.
7.5. In the local elections in the GDR, according to official figures fall 98.85% of the vote on the candidate lists of the unit. Of people being found in many places and electoral fraud made public.
7.6. In East Berlin, a demonstration against the falsification of local election results of 7 May dissolved by the State Security Service.
8.6. The East German People's Chamber assessed in a statement the massacre in Tiananmen Square in Beijing on 4 June as a "crackdown a counter-revolution ".. and shows understanding for the use of the military
12.-15.6 The Soviet state and party leader Gorbachev received during his state visit to Bonn by the people with great joy the end of his visit, he said." The wall can disappear, if omitted the conditions which gave rise to them. "
27.6. cut in a symbolic act of the Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Horn (born 1932) and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock (b. 1934) at the barbed wire fence at Sopron common border. eliminate only the border barriers, border controls remain. In the GDR, this triggers an increased flow of refugees and tourists- to Hungary.
7.7. The Soviet state and party leader Gorbachev admits on the first Eastern bloc summit in Bucharest every socialist country to its own development. Thus losing the so-called Brezhnev doctrine to apply.
8.8. The Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic in East Berlin will be closed due to overcrowding. More than 130 East Germans hold on to the Embassy to force their departure.
13.8. The Bonn Embassy in Budapest to be closed due to overcrowding. From there, want to leave some 180 East Germans.
members of the "Initiative for cancellation of practice and principle of exclusion and other groups are meeting in the East Berlin community commitment. Here is the first time publicly spoken of the formation of an "opposition coalition movement for democratic renewal of the GDR."
19.8. In Sopron, Hungary, it is the largest mass exodus of East Germans since the Berlin Wall. About 900 people use the escape on the "green" Hungarian-Austrian border.
22.8. The Embassy of the Federal Republic in Prague was closed due to overcrowding. About 140 East German citizens want from there to the West to move.
24.8. In Budapest, received 108 East Germans who were in the German Embassy, the Hungarian government as a unique humanitarian action, permission to leave the West.
August / September GDR citizens occupying embassies in Prague, Budapest and Warsaw as well as the Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany in East Berlin.
4.9. In Leipzig, the first Monday demonstration will take place at the traditional prayer for peace in the Nikolai Church. It calls for more freedom of movement and the abolition of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). From now on, will be held weekly Monday demonstrations.
7.9. On the East Berlin Alexanderplatz against the alleged vote-rigging the local elections of 7 May protested. East German security forces to stop the action and take about 80 persons have been temporary.
10./11.9. Hungary can, without prior consultation with the East German government all were present were fleeing Volunteer emigrate from the GDR to the West. By the end of September, about 30,000 settlers to come over this way in the Federal Republic.
12./13.9. The East German protest against the opening of the Hungarian border for East German citizens in a "night and fog action" and refers to this as "organized human trafficking".
19.9. With the new forum first applied officially in the GDR opposition group leave to the Association. On 20 September, initially rejected the application because the group "subversive" was.
The West German Embassy in Warsaw has to adjust because of overcrowding with people willing to leave the crowds of East Germans temporarily.
25.9. About 5,000 people protested in Leipzig Reforms and against the ban of the "New Forum".
26.9. East German citizens left the German Embassy in Prague and return to the GDR, because they will exit to the West promised within six months. Many refugees remain in the embassy because they want to directly travel to the West.
30.9. Federal Foreign Minister Hans Dietrich Genscher announced in the evening on the balcony of the German Embassy in Prague, that all East German refugees who are in the German embassies in Prague and Warsaw to leave, allowed. Officially they are for humanitarian reasons "deported" as the humanitarian and medical conditions in the West German embassies have become untenable be.
1.10. The first special train from Warsaw and Prague with about 6800 East German refugees to cross the GDR. Wishing to leave the East Germans trying to jump on the trains.
1.-3.10. Before the embassy in Prague again gather 7,600 people, although the Czechoslovak police attempts to prevent this. On 3 October granted the East German government to leave them too.
2.10. 20,000 people demonstrate in Leipzig for reform in the GDR. The largest demonstration for democracy is broken up by East German security forces violently.
3.10.-11.11. The East German government sets the visa-free travel to Czechoslovakia temporarily.
4.10. Special features of the East German train carrying about 7,600 East German refugees who had sought in the West German Embassy in Prague and Warsaw refuge on the territory of the GDR into the Federal Republic. Railway stations and tracks along the transportation route will be blocked to prevent more people jump on the trains.
7.10. The 40th Anniversary of the GDR's founding is celebrated with military parades and marches. In East Berlin is the Soviet state and party leader Gorbachev part in the festivities. He stressed to the press the necessity of reforms and expressed the famous words: "Those who are late are punished by life". Simultaneously take place in several cities of the East German demonstrations in which tens of thousands of Freedom of expression and reforms occur. The security forces are brutal before. Over a thousand people are arrested.
9.10. For the first time in Leipzig than 70,000 people demonstrated for democratic renewal of the GDR, to intervene without the security forces. The cry "We are the people - no violence prevails.
16.10. In the largest demonstration in the GDR since the uprising by the 17th June attract more than 120,000 people through Leipzig. Again, retain the security forces.
18.10. At the 9th Meeting of the Central Committee (CC) of the SED Erich Honecker, "at his own request" released from all offices. At the same time, inter alia, also loses his lunch Günter Offices Politburo and the Secretariat of the Central Committee. Egon Krenz will be the new Secretary General of the SED. In a speech relayed by the media admits Krenz, the SED failed to recognize that in recent months, the real situation. But now the "turn initiated" is, but the "socialism on German soil 'is not negotiable.
23.10. On the eve of the election of Egon Krenz, the Council of State estimates that approximately 300,000 people demonstrate against a "new concentration of power".
24.10. The People's Parliament elects Egon Krenz Council of State and Chairman of the National Defense Council. This, in turn, the highest offices in the GDR are combined in one person.
27.10. The GDR State Council promulgated a far-reaching amnesty for refugees and detained participants of unauthorized demonstrations.
3.11. The East German government decided that East German citizens to leave the country without formalities on the territory of Czechoslovakia. Then it comes in the following days to a renewed wave of emigration of GDR citizens.
4.11. At the rally on Alexanderplatz in East Berlin demonstrated between 500,000 and one million people for democratic reform and against the power monopoly of the SED in the GDR. The TV transmits the final events on the Alexanderplatz directly and without notice. Spoke including Stefan Heym, Christoph Hein (geb.1944) and Christa Wolf. With reservations encounter speakers such as Markus Wolf, and above all Gunter Schabowski, who was booed several times.
7.11. Prime Minister Willi Stoph meets back with the whole East German government.
8.11. At the 10th Meeting of the Central Committee of the SED, the Politburo resigns. Then, a scaled-elected Politburo and Egon Krenz confirmed as Secretary General.
The New Forum is approved as an association.
9.11. In a televised directly transmitted, international press conference, the Politburo member Guenter Schabowski read out at 18.57 clock to a request to the new exit rule in passing a decision of the Office of Ministers' private trips abroad may be submitted without proof of eligibility (travel or proving familial relationships). Permits are issued at short notice. "On a demand explains Schabowski, Decision kick to his knowledge" immediately, without delay "in force.
10.11. Due to the opening of the inner-German border, millions of East Germans to cross the nearby West German cities and West Berlin . There is exuberant scenes of joy, strangers hug, sing, dance and cheer. Chancellor Helmut Kohl broke off his Poland visit to discuss the evening in front of the Schöneberg City Hall West Berlin at a rally. The SPD honorary chairman Willy Brandt impressed there the sentence: "Now grows together what belongs together."
11.11. Chancellor Kohl and SED Secretary-General Egon Krenz negotiate in a telephone conversation on strengthening cooperation and agree on an early meeting in person.
11./12.11. Over the weekend, visit some three million East Germans, the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin. The traffic in the border areas to collapse. Delays, it is particularly welcome in the payment of money.
12.11. In several cities of the East will be held rallies and meetings of the SED, which calls on the basis of a "renewal of the party from below."
13.11. After the dismissal of the Ministers elects the incumbent People's Parliament the "reform communists" Hans Modrow, the new prime minister. The GDR
removes the restricted zones along the Berlin wall, the inner-German border and in coastal waters.
16.11. Chancellor Kohl to secure the GDR economic aid as soon as a fundamental change in the political and economic system is implemented.
17.11. Prime Minister Hans Modrow presents the 28 ministers of his cabinet reduced. In his inaugural speech, he announced major reforms of the political system, economy, education and administration. The goal of a "new socialist society". The Federal Government proposes Modrow to develop its relationship to a "treaty community" before. Speculation about a reunion Modrow issued a clear rejection.
18.11. In place of the dissolved Ministry of State Security (Stasi) enters the Directorate of National Security.
Günter lunch will be excluded from the SED. He is considered responsible for the economic misery in the GDR.
26.11. Well-known intellectuals and reformers connect with the call "for our country" for this one, to preserve the independence of the GDR and thereby create a "socialist alternative to the Federal Republic."
28.11. Chancellor Kohl specifies a "ten-point program to overcome the division of Germany and Europe ", which should lead to the reunification of Germany. After initial approval back FDP and the SPD of the plan, as neither the Allies were informed in advance, nor Poland's western border is guaranteed. On 1 December the plan in parliament without the .. voices of the SPD and the Greens endorsed
11.29 The SED Secretary-General and the GDR State Council President Krenz and the East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow close the call "for our country - to preserve the independence of the GDR." to
1.12 GDR. People's Parliament passes the leadership of the SED from the constitution.
2.12. A report of the Committee of the East German People's Chamber defines corruption in the SED leadership open. Then it comes to tumultuous scenes in parliament.
3.12. At the 12th Meeting of the Central Committee of the SED by the termination of the Politburo and Central Committee with Egon Krenz at the top. Erich Honecker, Willi Stoph, Erich Mielke, Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski and other top officials will be expelled from the SED.
The former Politburo member Günter Mittag and Harry Tisch (1927-1995) are arrested for serious damage to national property and the economy.
4.12. The East German CDU and the Liberal Democratic Party declared its withdrawal from the Democratic bloc of parties and mass organizations. In Leipzig citizens
penetrate into the building one of the state security service, to the destruction of files to prevent.
In West Berlin faces the East German foreign buyer and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, the police. In the GDR, against him the charge of "embezzlement of public property" subject.
5.12. In the GDR, the abolition of the minimum exchange and visa requirements for entry of federal citizens on 1 Announced in January 1990.
6.12. Egon Krenz resigned as State President. His successor is the Chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party, Manfred Gerlach (b. 1928).
7.12. For the first time meet in East Berlin representatives of the five former block parties and seven opposition groups at the round table. It was decided to disband the Office of National Security and proposed on 6 May 1990 to hold its first free elections.
8./9.12. The extraordinary SED Party Congress in East Berlin, the party resolution was rejected. The new party leader Gregor Gysi is chosen. His deputy, Hans Modrow, the Dresden Mayor Wolfgang Berghofer (born 1943) are.
on the EC summit in Strasbourg recognize the leaders in a policy statement for change in Central and Eastern Europe in principle the right of Germans to unit.
11.12. For the first time, the now traditional Monday demonstrations in East Germany after reunification, the call clearly.
In Berlin holds its first four-power conference in 18 years.
14.12. The civil rights movement "Democracy Now" presents a three-stage plan for German reunification.
19./20.12. Chancellor Kohl meets for talks with Prime Minister Hans Modrow in Dresden. The two leaders agree to negotiations on a German-German treaty community. Kohl is feted in his address to the ruins of the Church of Our Lady of the population.
22.12. In Berlin, the Brandenburg Gate is opened again, for now only for pedestrians.
24.12. For the first time Germans and West Berliners to travel without a visa and forced conversion in the GDR.

1990
9.1. The former heads of state and party leader Egon Krenz, his mandate as a Member of the Public Chamber are so low and to his last political post.
11.1. The People's Parliament passed the new travel law, which gives the East German citizens freedom of travel and regulates the acquisition of foreign exchange.
13.1. The Social Democratic Party in the GDR (SDP) at its first national conference in East Berlin, the name change to SPD.
15.1. More than two thousand demonstrators storm the headquarters of the former State Security in East Berlin and laid waste to it in part.
Prime Minister Hans Modrow proposed the round table before taking part in the government's work. In Erfurt
appears the first independent daily newspaper in the GDR, the "Thüringer Allgemeine". This ends the SED media monopoly.
20.1. Founding of the German Social Union (DSU) through twelve Christian-liberal-conservative groups in Leipzig. The party advocates a rapid German reunification and is supported by the Bavarian CSU.
21.1. The majority of SED-PDS party executive decides against a resolution of the party but for the deletion of the name of the SED and the recent party badge: two interlocking hands, as a symbol of the unification of the SPD and KPD in 1946.
the same time, excluded the majority of the former SED leaders from the party.
25.1. The East German government adopts the full freedom of trade for trade, trade and service enterprises and adopted a regulation on the establishment of enterprises with foreign participation.
More than 200 economic experts from both the German government advice in Hanover on 1 German-German business days about possible cooperation.
29.1. The former heads of state and Party chief of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is released from the Berlin Charité hospital and immediately arrested. A day later, he is due to "adhesive failure" was released.
1.2. Prime Minister Hans Modrow presented his concept for the way to a unified Germany. " The phased approach provides the following steps: state compact, confederation and transfer of sovereign rights to the Confederacy.
5.2. The People's Parliament elects eight politicians from opposition parties and groups as a minister without portfolio in the Council of Ministers. In addition, the full expression, information and media freedom will be decided in the GDR. Radio, television and news agency are no longer under the government.
In West Berlin, some of the East German CDU, the German Social Union (DSU) and the Democratic Awakening (DA) on the coalition "Alliance for Germany" for the People's Parliament elections on 18 March. Chancellor Kohl announced the support of his party for the coalition.
constituted under the chairmanship of Chancellor Kohl, a Cabinet Committee on German Unity. Kohl suggests that the GDR for immediate negotiations on a monetary union and economic reform. The occasion is the unending stream of settlers over the GDR.
8.2. The East German Prime Minister's Modrow declared the GDR for the first time the responsibility of the entire German people for the crimes of the Nazi regime against the Jewish people and expresses the willingness of the Jewish victims of Nazi persecution, compensation paid.
10.2. At a meeting between Chancellor Kohl and the Soviet state and party leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow the assurances given that the USSR is not a unification of Germany in the way of that.
22.-25.2. At the first congress of the East German SPD Ibrahim Böhme is elected chairman. After loudly against him because of an activity for the state security service, he steps on 2.4. back from his offices.
In the election manifesto of the SPD declared the intention to unite Germany in three stages and seal the unit with an all-German constitution on the basis of Article 146 of the Basic Law.
24./25.2. The 1 Congress of the PDS in East Berlin in favor of gradual unification of the two German states under the condition that the equality of the GDR is ensured and their social standing remains.
1.3. The GDR's Council of Ministers shall adopt the Combines and conversion of all state-owned enterprises into limited companies and the establishment of an institute for fiduciary management of public property.
In Bonn, the published election manifesto of the "Alliance for Germany" which states that the regime is to join the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law.
5.3. West German and West Berlin media appear from now on in the GDR: 7.3. The People's Parliament adopted a social charter in which the right to work and housing and the equal rights of men and women should be established. Furthermore, adopted an economic law that allows the creation of private enterprises.
The SPD explains the Federal Republic, it's for accession of the GDR to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law open, but prefer a referendum and a new constitution.
8.3. The Bundestag passed by a large majority, a guarantee for Poland's western border.
9.3. The CDU / CSU parliamentary group calls for a realization of reunification in the way of Basic Law Article 23.
12.3. At its last meeting rejected the round table the adoption of the Constitution of the Federal Republic for FDI from East Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law.
in Leipzig will be held the last Monday demonstration, participate in the 30,000 to 50,000 persons.
In Bonn meeting, the representatives of both German states and the four victorious powers the Second World War to the "two plus four" - talks about the German unity.
17.3. The foreign ministers of the Warsaw Pact agreed in Prague in agreement that is the union of the GDR and the Federal Republic the right of the German people, as long as it is embedded in the European unification process.
18.3. In the first and only free elections reached the conservative People's Parliament "Alliance for Germany" of CDU, DSU and DA with 48.15 percent of the vote, overwhelming victory. The SPD receives 21.84 percent, 16.33 percent of the PDS and the Confederation of Free Democrats / Liberals 5.28 percent of the vote. The Alliance 90, in which the main initiators of the peaceful revolution together, have achieved only 2.91 percent of the vote. The turnout was 93.38 percent.
20.3. To stop the mass emigration from East Germany, the federal government responded on 1 abolish July 1990 the emergency room procedures for immigrants from the GDR.
5.4. In East Berlin's "Palace of the Republic" is constituted by the newly elected People's Chamber and selects Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (CDU) for the parliamentary speaker. The CDU leader Lothar de Maizière is (b. 1940) was commissioned to form a government.
The new parliament approves a constitutional amendment after the Council of State is abolished.
A committee of inquiry, we used the Member to any Participation in the former Ministry for State Security checks.
The state-owned enterprise (VEB) Electrical Engineering Dresden is converted first combine in a company.
27.4. In East Berlin begins the first official round of negotiations on the German-German treaty on monetary, economic and social union.
Defense Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg (CDU) (born 1928) and the DDR-Disarmament and Defence Minister Rainer Eppelmann (CDU) agreed in Bonn cooperation and close contacts between the armed forces and National People's Army.
28.4. The Heads of State and Government of Member States agree unconditionally to the unification of Germany in Dublin.
30.4. With the meeting of the East German People's Chamber President Sabine Bergmann-Pohl and the Bundestag President Rita Süssmuth (CDU) will accept the Bundestag and the People's Parliament for the first time in official relations.
2.5. The two German governments agree on the exchange rate for the currency union. After that, the wages, salaries, rents, grants and pensions are converted at a ratio of 1:1. Savings and cash are exchanged graded: Children under 14 may 2000 Mark, 15 - Changing in 4000 to 59-year-old Mark and 60-year-old 6,000 marks in the ratio 1:1. Any surplus will be exchanged in a 2:1 ratio.
6.5. In the GDR, find the first free local elections. The CDU won 34.37 percent, 21.27 percent, the SPD and the PDS 14.59 percent of the vote.
8.5. Signing of a Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EC and the German Democratic Republic in Brussels.
10.5. Nationwide demonstrations in East Germany, where collective bargaining on higher incomes, the preservation of jobs and protect the internal market are required.
The Standing Conference of the Federal Republic decides on the recognition of the GDR's degrees that qualify for a university degree.
16.5. In Bonn, some federal and state governments on the establishment of a German Unity Fund "for the financial support of the GDR. He should, with 115 billion DM equipped to finance the monetary, economic and social union.
18.5. Federal Finance Minister Theo and the East German Finance Minister Walter Romberg (born 1928) (SPD) signed the treaty on monetary, economic and social union.
30.5. The East German government decided that the introduction of the D-Mark on July 1, the calculated free prices and subsidies are largely done.
31.5.-3.6. The U.S. President George Bush (b. 1924) and Soviet President Gorbachev declared at their summit meeting (June 3) that the question must be decided by the Alliance membership of a united Germany by the Germans themselves.
7.6. In Moscow sign the Member States of the Warsaw Pact, a declaration with the aim to transform the alliance into a political treaty community.
9 to 13.6. Prime Minister de Mazière attended the first East German head of government the United States.
13.6. In Berlin wird mit dem endgültigen Abriss der 47 km langen Mauer begonnen. In four places remain preserved wall remains as a memorial.
15.6. The two German governments issue a joint statement on the Settlement of Open Property Issues. After that expropriations are under occupation law-based sovereign or 1945-1949 to make irreversible. Otherwise expropriated real property in the GDR in principle to the former owners return.
21.6. The German Bundestag in Bonn and the GDR People's Chamber in East Berlin to adopt the treaty on monetary, economic and social union between the Federal Republic and the GDR and a final resolution on the recognition of Poland's western border.
The PDS, Alliance 90 and the Greens reject the treaty, as it the system of the Federal Republic to the GDR applying to grant their citizens without the possibility of equal participation.
22.6. The Federal Council approves the treaty on monetary, economic and social union and the Resolution on the recognition of Poland's western border. The SPD conducted Lower Saxony and Saarland reject the treaty because they think he is inadequate.
In East Berlin begins the second round of the "Two Plus Four" talks.
1.7. Entry into force of monetary, economic and social union. This transfers the DDR control of both fiscal and monetary policy to the Federal Republic and the D-Mark is the only currency in the GDR.
6.7. In East Berlin, the negotiations begin for contract agreement, the second treaty between the FRG and the GDR.
14.-16.7. Chancellor Kohl meets in the Soviet Union with President Gorbachev for talks. Gorbachev Endorses a united Germany's full sovereignty and the free choice of alliance membership.
16.7. Establishment of the East German Treuhand, for the settlement of the 8,000 state-owned enterprises (VEB) is responsible.
17.7. Beginning of the third round of the "two-plus-Four" negotiations in Paris. The foreign ministers of the two German states and the four victorious powers of World War II confirm the presence of the Polish foreign minister, the Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western border.
20.7. The recruits of the National People's Army swear a new oath of allegiance, by committing not to defend socialism.
22.7. The East German People's Parliament adopted with effect from 10.14.1990 the Länder Act and the Act on Choice of diets. It converts since July 1952 to DDR centralized in a federal state with five new countries.
3.8. In East Berlin in the all-German election contract is signed. That the scope of federal election law is extended to the GDR.
8.8. The People's Parliament asked the Bundestag, the all-German elections and the accession of the GDR to allow for 10/24/1990.
denied the opposition in the Bundestag on the following day to approve a constitutional amendment that would allow early elections.
23.8. With the required two-thirds majority decides the people's chamber "the accession of the GDR to the scope of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law with effect from 3.10.1990.
30.8. Guaranteed at the conference for negotiations on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) in Vienna, Foreign Minister Genscher and Prime Minister de Maizière, the armed forces in a united Germany within four years to 370,000 to reduce.
31.8. Approval of the agreement contract by the Federal Cabinet in Bonn and the Council of Ministers in East Berlin. The agreement is of Federal Minister Wolfgang Schäuble and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister Guenther Krause (born 1953) signed.
On 20 September the contract with the required two-thirds majority of the people chamber and the Bundestag adopted. The next day also agrees with the Federal Council.
6.9. The People's Parliament approved a Rehabilitation Act, which provides for compensation of victims of the SED regime.
12.9. After completion of the "two-plus-Four talks," the foreign ministers of the four former Allies in Moscow to sign the "Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany becomes fully sovereign and in fact a peace treaty.
The Allied territorial rights with effect from 3rd Suspended in October 1990.
24.9. In East Berlin between the GDR and the Soviet Union signed an agreement under which the East German membership in the Warsaw Pact on 3 Expires in October.
28.9. After several mutinies in East German prisons adopt the People's Parliament is a partial amnesty for East German prisoners who have to serve only two-thirds of their sentence.
3.10. The GDR occurs in the scope of the Basic Law. The Federal Republic has from now on full sovereignty.
Federal President Richard von Weizsacker, acting on a proposal by the Chancellor's five former East German politicians as ministers without portfolio.
4.10. The first all-German Bundestag is constituted in the Berlin Reichstag building.