The Cold War
The action of the USSR in Eastern Europe and its German occupation zone raised the suspicions of the Western powers. On 5 March 1946 says the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill an "Iron Curtain "which had been built by Josef Stalin in Europe. The Soviet Union, for its part, has threatened not understand the policy on Germany by the Americans and is encouraged by the nuclear weapons monopoly of the United States. The mutual distrust and the inability to form a single implementation of the Potsdam Agreement inevitably lead to a failure of the four-power government about Germany.
The action of the USSR in Eastern Europe and its German occupation zone raised the suspicions of the Western powers. On 5 March 1946 says the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill an "Iron Curtain "which had been built by Josef Stalin in Europe. The Soviet Union, for its part, has threatened not understand the policy on Germany by the Americans and is encouraged by the nuclear weapons monopoly of the United States. The mutual distrust and the inability to form a single implementation of the Potsdam Agreement inevitably lead to a failure of the four-power government about Germany.
Because the interests of the United States and the Soviet Union, Iran, Turkey and Greece come in successive unbridgeable, announces President Harry S. Truman on March 12 In 1947 the policy of "containment", ie the Containment of communism. In Germany does the containment policy of immediately: So by the should Marshall Plan and the spread of communism in Central Europe can be prevented. First, however, the necessary currency reform should be carried out. The introduction of the Deutschmark in the Western sectors of Berlin then forms the trigger for the Berlin blockade .
By blocking the Soviet Union wants to force the Western powers to abandon their London on the six-power conference in the spring 1948 decision taken on the establishment of a West German state. Soviet policy fails, however, and contributes to an improvement of anti-communism in West Germany. The Berlin blockade fails after nearly a year at the Airlift and the will to resist the West Berlin.
By blocking the Soviet Union wants to force the Western powers to abandon their London on the six-power conference in the spring 1948 decision taken on the establishment of a West German state. Soviet policy fails, however, and contributes to an improvement of anti-communism in West Germany. The Berlin blockade fails after nearly a year at the Airlift and the will to resist the West Berlin.
The escalation of the Cold War
In 1955 completed the political and military integration of the two German states in the eastern and western power bloc. West Germany joins NATO and receives its sovereignty. In foreign policy is to Bonn next to the U.S., particularly in France is an important political partner. The platform is run by Chancellor Adenauer and French President de Gaulle reconciliation culminated in 1963 in the Franco-German friendship treaty. The GDR also receives its sovereignty in 1955 and belongs in the same year of the founding members of the Warsaw Pact. Foreign policy, the GDR is directed by the Soviet Union, which claims the leadership of the entire Soviet bloc.
Chancellor Adenauer imprinted in the 50 years the domestic and foreign policy of the Federal Republic and gained international recognition. The statesman Adenauer stands after winning an absolute majority in the Bundestag election in 1957 at the height of his power. His resignation in 1963 marked the end of an era.
In the GDR, Walter Ulbricht and 1971 determined the political and cultural life. Virtually unchallenged, he will survive through the de-Stalinization 1956 triggered the crisis in the Soviet bloc, during which there will be uprisings in Poland and Hungary.
The economic and social stabilization of the Federal Republic of Germany falls rapidly evolving in the 50s. The production and export figures are rising rapidly. The unemployment rate drops in 1961 to below 1%. The huge economic boom, especially the residents appears to be an "economic miracle" enables the creation of numerous social backups.
In the GDR, Walter Ulbricht and 1971 determined the political and cultural life. Virtually unchallenged, he will survive through the de-Stalinization 1956 triggered the crisis in the Soviet bloc, during which there will be uprisings in Poland and Hungary.
The economic and social stabilization of the Federal Republic of Germany falls rapidly evolving in the 50s. The production and export figures are rising rapidly. The unemployment rate drops in 1961 to below 1%. The huge economic boom, especially the residents appears to be an "economic miracle" enables the creation of numerous social backups.
In the GDR stabilized in the second half of the 50's the economic situation. Despite undeniable successes, the economy remains a concern of the East German government. In 1956 with great optimism priced into force 2 Five-Year Plan has be broken out 1959th The economic problems and the forced collectivisation in agriculture and the crafts can dramatically increase the number of refugees again.
The open border in Berlin is therefore increasingly important for the East German government intolerable. The construction of the wall on 13 August 1961 cordoned off the communist regime of West Berlin hermetically. All communications between the two halves of the city be stopped overnight, also the "frontier West" to the Federal Republic. The wall also cemented the German division. However, since the legal status of West Berlin is not affected, the Western powers limited to ineffective protests.
statesman Adenauer
After the election to Chancellor Konrad Adenauer 1949 achieved very soon, the use of the Basic Law created special position of the Office fully. His political experience from the time of the Weimar Republic he benefits there. Chancellor Adenauer shapes the politics of his time, so its long term is referred to in retrospect as the Adenauer era. He is one of the few German politicians with a worldwide reputation and numerous international awards. After his resignation as Chancellor Adenauer written his memoirs, in which he describes his political life.
from the division of Germany and Europe Adenauer draws the conclusion not to engage in political swing, but the Federal Republic to integrate tightly into the Western world. Step by step he is, therefore, the integration with the West in the fight by the opposition. The risk associated deepening of the division he does consciously. A condition for the integration with the West sees Adenauer in a Franco-German reconciliation. With the in January 1963 signed the Elysée Treaty then the foundation for a close German-French cooperation is laid.
At the end of the 50's lost the momentum of the initial period. Adenauer's policy will be features of the solidification. In particular, the policy for Germany, the Chancellor is able to give any new impetus. Almost convulsively again and again to be the right to reunification and the sole representative the Federal Republic of Germany stressed.
The open border in Berlin is therefore increasingly important for the East German government intolerable. The construction of the wall on 13 August 1961 cordoned off the communist regime of West Berlin hermetically. All communications between the two halves of the city be stopped overnight, also the "frontier West" to the Federal Republic. The wall also cemented the German division. However, since the legal status of West Berlin is not affected, the Western powers limited to ineffective protests.
statesman Adenauer
After the election to Chancellor Konrad Adenauer 1949 achieved very soon, the use of the Basic Law created special position of the Office fully. His political experience from the time of the Weimar Republic he benefits there. Chancellor Adenauer shapes the politics of his time, so its long term is referred to in retrospect as the Adenauer era. He is one of the few German politicians with a worldwide reputation and numerous international awards. After his resignation as Chancellor Adenauer written his memoirs, in which he describes his political life.
from the division of Germany and Europe Adenauer draws the conclusion not to engage in political swing, but the Federal Republic to integrate tightly into the Western world. Step by step he is, therefore, the integration with the West in the fight by the opposition. The risk associated deepening of the division he does consciously. A condition for the integration with the West sees Adenauer in a Franco-German reconciliation. With the in January 1963 signed the Elysée Treaty then the foundation for a close German-French cooperation is laid.
At the end of the 50's lost the momentum of the initial period. Adenauer's policy will be features of the solidification. In particular, the policy for Germany, the Chancellor is able to give any new impetus. Almost convulsively again and again to be the right to reunification and the sole representative the Federal Republic of Germany stressed.
From 1950 to 1966 Adenauer is also national chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The party to whose construction he has rendered great service he needs, especially for election campaigns. Adenauer is a master of the campaign. He is based primarily on the power of speech. Even the election meeting is more important than television. In plain language, he is courting support for his policies. The enemy is clearly identified, with Adenauer did not shrink from defamation.
division of Germany
The year 1955 marks the completion of the political and military integration of the two German states the respective blocks. The early as the late 40's incipient shift in the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic to the west and east will continue. While the East German government to enhance economic exchanges with the CMEA countries, the Federal Republic sought with the European Economic Community (EEC) formation of a common market. The primary policy objective of both the Federal Republic and the GDR is officially the first quest for reunification.
The foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is marked in the 50 years because of their strict ties to the West. Outside the U.S., particularly in France is an important political partner. The Franco-German Reconciliation was sealed in 1963 by the Elysée Treaty. The target of Bonn and Paris merger of the West European countries receives the economic field by establishing the EEC in 1957 a new impetus. In Germany the policy has been to Bonn in 1969 and still claim to sole representation of the Hallstein Doctrine as the basis of the reunification policy. It is encouraged by the Western European countries and the USA.
The USSR and the German Democratic Republic there have been pushing the mid-50s for international recognition of both German states and ask the West to accept the existing borders in Europe. As the popular uprising in Hungary in 1956 shows that the Soviet Union tolerates despite Stalinization no differences within the bloc. The GDR
strikes against the Federal Republic will become an increasingly defining course. A reunion is for the Socialist Unity Party (SED) since the mid-50's only communist sign in under question. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 splits the divided city final in two halves.
economic miracle
The political ties to the West and the integration with the global economy help the Federal Republic in the 50 years the rapid resurgence. While the production and export figures are rising rapidly, the unemployment rate in 1961 drops to below 1 percent. For large sections of the population improve the living conditions due to substantial wage increases and an active state social policy. Everyday life and consumption patterns change significantly. Against the welfare orientation of the adult protest the youth who sees her life feeling expressed in the Rock 'n' roll.
The growing affluence and changing lifestyle needs of consumers. The income can be spent increasingly earlier priceless luxury goods. Household electrical appliances and their car are at the top the wish lists. A holiday is an affordable pastime. From the beginnings of mass tourism, the first domestic resorts are recorded. The increasing Engine not only promotes the urge to remote tourist destinations, but also the individual travel. Protest against the "Wohlstandsmief" and expresses the lifestyle of adults to youth. She is looking for new models. Coca-Cola, jeans and rock 'n' roll are an expression of their lifestyle. A new, American-style youth culture emerges.
division of Germany
The year 1955 marks the completion of the political and military integration of the two German states the respective blocks. The early as the late 40's incipient shift in the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic to the west and east will continue. While the East German government to enhance economic exchanges with the CMEA countries, the Federal Republic sought with the European Economic Community (EEC) formation of a common market. The primary policy objective of both the Federal Republic and the GDR is officially the first quest for reunification.
The foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany is marked in the 50 years because of their strict ties to the West. Outside the U.S., particularly in France is an important political partner. The Franco-German Reconciliation was sealed in 1963 by the Elysée Treaty. The target of Bonn and Paris merger of the West European countries receives the economic field by establishing the EEC in 1957 a new impetus. In Germany the policy has been to Bonn in 1969 and still claim to sole representation of the Hallstein Doctrine as the basis of the reunification policy. It is encouraged by the Western European countries and the USA.
The USSR and the German Democratic Republic there have been pushing the mid-50s for international recognition of both German states and ask the West to accept the existing borders in Europe. As the popular uprising in Hungary in 1956 shows that the Soviet Union tolerates despite Stalinization no differences within the bloc. The GDR
strikes against the Federal Republic will become an increasingly defining course. A reunion is for the Socialist Unity Party (SED) since the mid-50's only communist sign in under question. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 splits the divided city final in two halves.
economic miracle
The political ties to the West and the integration with the global economy help the Federal Republic in the 50 years the rapid resurgence. While the production and export figures are rising rapidly, the unemployment rate in 1961 drops to below 1 percent. For large sections of the population improve the living conditions due to substantial wage increases and an active state social policy. Everyday life and consumption patterns change significantly. Against the welfare orientation of the adult protest the youth who sees her life feeling expressed in the Rock 'n' roll.
The growing affluence and changing lifestyle needs of consumers. The income can be spent increasingly earlier priceless luxury goods. Household electrical appliances and their car are at the top the wish lists. A holiday is an affordable pastime. From the beginnings of mass tourism, the first domestic resorts are recorded. The increasing Engine not only promotes the urge to remote tourist destinations, but also the individual travel. Protest against the "Wohlstandsmief" and expresses the lifestyle of adults to youth. She is looking for new models. Coca-Cola, jeans and rock 'n' roll are an expression of their lifestyle. A new, American-style youth culture emerges.
Not all people can benefit from the first economic miracle. This includes not only socially marginalized groups, but also large families and pensioners. With the help of special laws and social reforms of their possible connection to the general income development.
Economic growth promotes public and economic change. Agriculture will lose nearly two-thirds of its employees, but can increase their income through technology. The state has an active agricultural policy in order to secure the income of farmers. Despite all the warnings about the negative consequences for family life increases the participation rate of married women and mothers. They often work as unskilled women for low wages and have to bear the double burden of work and family. The role of woman as housewife and mother is still glorified, gradually reduced its legal discrimination.
The Wall
The simmering since the end of World War II Berlin crisis reached in November 1958 new heights: in an ultimatum demanded the USSR, the transformation of West Berlin into an "independent" free city and called on the Western powers to withdraw their troops from West Berlin and to cede the sovereignty of the access routes to the GDR. Nikita S. Khrushchev's Berlin ultimatum the birth of the Tri-State theory. Thereafter, in 1945 originated in Germany, three countries: the Federal Republic, the GDR and the "special territory of West-Berlin".
The Western powers fear that a free city of West Berlin in the long run would not be safe from the clutches of the USSR. They therefore reject the far-reaching demands of the Soviet Union, which is also against the rights and obligations of the Western powers for Berlin would be in breach. For the GDR, however, the open border to West Berlin is becoming increasingly unsustainable. To avert the growing refugee flows and the nascent, growing economic problems, see the East German government finally led to action: On 13 August 1961 cordoned off the yet-free access to West Berlin.
Economic growth promotes public and economic change. Agriculture will lose nearly two-thirds of its employees, but can increase their income through technology. The state has an active agricultural policy in order to secure the income of farmers. Despite all the warnings about the negative consequences for family life increases the participation rate of married women and mothers. They often work as unskilled women for low wages and have to bear the double burden of work and family. The role of woman as housewife and mother is still glorified, gradually reduced its legal discrimination.
The Wall
The simmering since the end of World War II Berlin crisis reached in November 1958 new heights: in an ultimatum demanded the USSR, the transformation of West Berlin into an "independent" free city and called on the Western powers to withdraw their troops from West Berlin and to cede the sovereignty of the access routes to the GDR. Nikita S. Khrushchev's Berlin ultimatum the birth of the Tri-State theory. Thereafter, in 1945 originated in Germany, three countries: the Federal Republic, the GDR and the "special territory of West-Berlin".
The Western powers fear that a free city of West Berlin in the long run would not be safe from the clutches of the USSR. They therefore reject the far-reaching demands of the Soviet Union, which is also against the rights and obligations of the Western powers for Berlin would be in breach. For the GDR, however, the open border to West Berlin is becoming increasingly unsustainable. To avert the growing refugee flows and the nascent, growing economic problems, see the East German government finally led to action: On 13 August 1961 cordoned off the yet-free access to West Berlin.
The GDR cemented with the Wall, the German division. The international legal status of West Berlin will not be affected. The reaction of Western powers is therefore limited to the posting of a U.S. military convoy on the transit route to Berlin. The Federal Government instigated in view of the intensified East-West tension and attempts to reassure the public resentment. Interrupts Chancellor Adenauer's first election campaign not fly and only on 22 August in Berlin. His behavior is, however, strongly criticized by the population and leads to losses in the general election for the CDU / CSU.
The construction of the wall is the Berlin crisis but not yet completed. As the end of October 1961 employees of the American administration are prevented from entering the country in the eastern sector, you cross the border crossing point "Checkpoint Charlie" demonstratively American tanks. A little later they are facing Soviet tanks. The world public is clear that the United States to their rights in Berlin exist, can alter the division of the city nothing. The American guarantee for the safety and freedom of West Berlin is on during the visit of President Kennedy in Berlin 26 June 1963 by this great in a speech publicly confirmed.
Discontent Republic
From the late '50s seems to slip away to Chancellor Adenauer's political leadership. The error margins and pile up: In domestic policy the scramble to lead the succession of President Heuss and the Spiegel Affair to severe criticism of the chancellor. In foreign policy concerns of the Wall in Berlin and the Cuban missile crisis of unrest. At the same time since the party wins the Godesberg 1959 SPD renewed increasingly attractive and insists government finally to take responsibility at the federal level. By his own party and coalition partner, the FDP is the aged Registrar shall 1963, to resign. His successor will be economic minister Ludwig Erhard. With the resignation of Adenauer ends an era of postwar German history.
The loss of prestige of the Government begins already before the presidential election 1959: After Adenauer in April 1959 announced its candidacy for the federal president announced he pulls them two months later. The successor of Theodor Heuss, the Federal Assembly elects 1 July 1959 Heinrich Lubke. The Spiegel affair in October 1962 provides for domestic political unrest. Many citizens in the actions of the Federal Government against the Hamburg news magazine is a serious threat to press freedom and the rule of law. It comes to violent protests by the population. Ultimately, the charges stand against the "mirror" out to be unfounded.
In foreign policy takes place in the early 60's a change: After the Berlin Wall and the Cuban missile crisis, the ratio changes between the two superpowers, U.S. and USSR. The cold war is gradually being replaced by a period of relaxation, in respect of the superpowers of their respective spheres of interest.
The problem of German Division is internationally increasingly less attention. The Federal Republic of Germany succeeds in adapting to this new development even after the change of Chancellor Adenauer to Erhard difficult.
The construction of the wall is the Berlin crisis but not yet completed. As the end of October 1961 employees of the American administration are prevented from entering the country in the eastern sector, you cross the border crossing point "Checkpoint Charlie" demonstratively American tanks. A little later they are facing Soviet tanks. The world public is clear that the United States to their rights in Berlin exist, can alter the division of the city nothing. The American guarantee for the safety and freedom of West Berlin is on during the visit of President Kennedy in Berlin 26 June 1963 by this great in a speech publicly confirmed.
Discontent Republic
From the late '50s seems to slip away to Chancellor Adenauer's political leadership. The error margins and pile up: In domestic policy the scramble to lead the succession of President Heuss and the Spiegel Affair to severe criticism of the chancellor. In foreign policy concerns of the Wall in Berlin and the Cuban missile crisis of unrest. At the same time since the party wins the Godesberg 1959 SPD renewed increasingly attractive and insists government finally to take responsibility at the federal level. By his own party and coalition partner, the FDP is the aged Registrar shall 1963, to resign. His successor will be economic minister Ludwig Erhard. With the resignation of Adenauer ends an era of postwar German history.
The loss of prestige of the Government begins already before the presidential election 1959: After Adenauer in April 1959 announced its candidacy for the federal president announced he pulls them two months later. The successor of Theodor Heuss, the Federal Assembly elects 1 July 1959 Heinrich Lubke. The Spiegel affair in October 1962 provides for domestic political unrest. Many citizens in the actions of the Federal Government against the Hamburg news magazine is a serious threat to press freedom and the rule of law. It comes to violent protests by the population. Ultimately, the charges stand against the "mirror" out to be unfounded.
In foreign policy takes place in the early 60's a change: After the Berlin Wall and the Cuban missile crisis, the ratio changes between the two superpowers, U.S. and USSR. The cold war is gradually being replaced by a period of relaxation, in respect of the superpowers of their respective spheres of interest.
The problem of German Division is internationally increasingly less attention. The Federal Republic of Germany succeeds in adapting to this new development even after the change of Chancellor Adenauer to Erhard difficult.
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