From Wall to Wall fell
On Sunday, 13 August 1961, under the supervision of the police and National People's Army (NVA) sealed off the sector border to West Berlin sealed. Everywhere, roads torn, built tank traps and barbed wire. The wall is formed. It interrupts the growing links between the two generations in parts of the city. The population in both parts of Germany has expressed shock and shocked. Careful observers are less surprised, however: Since the end of the Second World War Berlin is one of the main foci of the East-West conflict.
Shocking scenes take place in the days of building the wall along the sector border. The separation barrier cuts over 50,000 East Berliners from their jobs from the west. The East German government reduced the number of border crossing points between the two halves of the city to seven. Complete Berlin transport network will be cut overnight to the border. The Brandenburg Gate - located directly on the wall - since the 13th August 1961, the symbol of German division.
was commissioned by Walter Ulbricht the Wall in complete secrecy by the authorities responsible for security matters secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) , Erich Honecker, was prepared. Even in his memoirs Honecker stands out with military precision the course of building the wall. The permission for fencing of West Berlin, the East German government had previously obtained by the USSR. The Soviet troops stationed in East Germany to help with the process of establishing the back to "anti-fascist protective wall".
fall of Honecker and the path to unity
As the successor of Erich Honecker resigned elects the Central Committee of SED 19 October Egon Krenz Secretary-General. The People's Parliament vote for him on 24 October for the Council of State. The people are disappointed, because he is considered the "Crown Prince" Honecker. More and more people demonstrate and demand political reforms. On 4 November 1989 gathered more than 500,000 protesters to rally on Alexanderplatz . Only four days later comes the Politburo resign. Due to the continuing mass exodus and the consequences of falls, the East German government under pressure. On the evening of 9 November proclaimed Politburo member Guenter Schabowski at an international press conference surprisingly restrictive travel facilities for leisure travelers who connect "immediately, without delay" in force. That same night, thousands flock to the border to West Berlin, where the border guards to open without a clear command numerous transitions.
The wall opening speeds up the decay power of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). On 13 November to announce the new government under Prime Minister Modrow deep reforms and a treaty community with the Federal Republic. The previous Ministry of State Security (Stasi) now the Office for National Security.
On 1 December decides the people's chamber, the leadership of the SED to be deleted from the Constitution, and on 3 December comes under pressure from his own party, the newly elected Politburo with Secretary Krenz back. The SED decides on a special party conference on 8 December, to break with the Stalinist past. The General Prosecutor launches investigation for abuse of authority and corruption against former SED leaders like Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke .
On Sunday, 13 August 1961, under the supervision of the police and National People's Army (NVA) sealed off the sector border to West Berlin sealed. Everywhere, roads torn, built tank traps and barbed wire. The wall is formed. It interrupts the growing links between the two generations in parts of the city. The population in both parts of Germany has expressed shock and shocked. Careful observers are less surprised, however: Since the end of the Second World War Berlin is one of the main foci of the East-West conflict.
Shocking scenes take place in the days of building the wall along the sector border. The separation barrier cuts over 50,000 East Berliners from their jobs from the west. The East German government reduced the number of border crossing points between the two halves of the city to seven. Complete Berlin transport network will be cut overnight to the border. The Brandenburg Gate - located directly on the wall - since the 13th August 1961, the symbol of German division.
was commissioned by Walter Ulbricht the Wall in complete secrecy by the authorities responsible for security matters secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) , Erich Honecker, was prepared. Even in his memoirs Honecker stands out with military precision the course of building the wall. The permission for fencing of West Berlin, the East German government had previously obtained by the USSR. The Soviet troops stationed in East Germany to help with the process of establishing the back to "anti-fascist protective wall".
fall of Honecker and the path to unity
As the successor of Erich Honecker resigned elects the Central Committee of SED 19 October Egon Krenz Secretary-General. The People's Parliament vote for him on 24 October for the Council of State. The people are disappointed, because he is considered the "Crown Prince" Honecker. More and more people demonstrate and demand political reforms. On 4 November 1989 gathered more than 500,000 protesters to rally on Alexanderplatz . Only four days later comes the Politburo resign. Due to the continuing mass exodus and the consequences of falls, the East German government under pressure. On the evening of 9 November proclaimed Politburo member Guenter Schabowski at an international press conference surprisingly restrictive travel facilities for leisure travelers who connect "immediately, without delay" in force. That same night, thousands flock to the border to West Berlin, where the border guards to open without a clear command numerous transitions.
The wall opening speeds up the decay power of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). On 13 November to announce the new government under Prime Minister Modrow deep reforms and a treaty community with the Federal Republic. The previous Ministry of State Security (Stasi) now the Office for National Security.
On 1 December decides the people's chamber, the leadership of the SED to be deleted from the Constitution, and on 3 December comes under pressure from his own party, the newly elected Politburo with Secretary Krenz back. The SED decides on a special party conference on 8 December, to break with the Stalinist past. The General Prosecutor launches investigation for abuse of authority and corruption against former SED leaders like Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke .
On Central Round Table negotiate since 7 December representatives of citizens' movements with representatives of the "old powers" of a democratic transformation of the GDR. In December 1989, however, demanded more and more protesters German unity. From the original slogan "We are the people!" is increasingly "We are one people!". But there on the part of citizens' movements, intellectuals and critics who warn of reunification and advocate for the independence of the GDR. Opponents of the unit, however, was booed during the demonstrations and withdraw. The majority of the population calls for a swift reunion.
The fall
After Hungary dismantles its border fortifications with Austria in May 1989 and on 11 September opens completely, there is repeated waves of emigration of East German citizens. This "voting with their feet" of Hungary and later the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) in the fall of 1989, production losses in the economy. The Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is threatening to close its border with East Germany. Simultaneously, the East German government will come through the protests and demonstrations of the "Stay here" to remain under pressure. To avoid a collapse of the GDR, the government decided to reform the Travel Act, the case of Wall initiates.
9th November 1989. To 18.57 clock raises Schabowski , member of the SED Politburo, an international press conference the journalists and reads haltingly in front of the cameras "from a piece of paper which has slipped to anyone," he confesses later, a decision of the Ministers to this a few minutes had been taken "private travel abroad may be made without proof of eligibility (travel or proving familial relationships) the permits are issued at short notice permanent exit can all border crossing points of the GDR to West Germany or Berlin (West).. success. " A Demand declared Schabowski, policy would come to his knowledge "immediately, without delay" in force.
During the night rush of thousands to the border to West Berlin. Without opening the border guards command transitions. In a delirious with joy beyond compare to other people fall into the arms and spontaneously celebrate the opening of the wall. This weekend, a human flood of millions of East German citizens in motion. In endless "Trabi" and "Wartburg" snakes, they go into the Federal Republic, visit explored cities and landscapes, they roam the "Shopping Paradise" with 100 D-Mark "welcome money" from the Federal Republic in the bag.
collapse of the power
After rally on Alexanderplatz on 4 November 1989 and the wall opening on 9 November, beating the events. The old power structures decompose rapidly, protesters calling for the German unit, members of the civil rights movements seek to achieve a democratic transformation of East Germany. On 13 November there will be a turning point in the People's Chamber . These will be selected - for the first time in a secret ballot - a new president, the chairman of the Democratic Farmers Party of Germany, Günther Maleuda . Prime Minister of the Dresdner SED District Secretary Hans Modrow .
Modrow announced in his policy statement radical reforms and a state compact with the Federal Republic. "Dangerous speculation about a reunion," but he issued a clear denial. On 26 November business, renowned personalities from politics, science, art and culture with the call "for our country" to the population. They support an independent East Germany, which is to form a "socialist alternative to the Federal Republic." End of November, however, at first demonstrations demands for reunification loud.
In Bundestag Chancellor Helmut Kohl brought on 28 November on his surprising 10-point program, as the concrete intermediate step on the path to unity provides a confederation. Willy Brandt sentence "Now grows together what belongs together" is a winged word.
melts away in a few weeks, the power of the SED: On 1 December underscores the People's Chamber to the leadership of the SED from the constitution. In a statement apologizing to Czechoslovakia them for the participation of the National People's Army from the crushing of the Prague Spring 1968th comes under pressure from the party base on 3 December, the Politburo of the SED under the leadership of Egon Krenz back. At a special party on 8 / 9 December proclaim the SED delegates break with the Stalinist past and do under the name SED-PDS as the "Party of Democratic Socialism" continue working. The lawyer Gregor Gysi is elected the new chairman. against Erich Honecker, Erich Mielke , Willi Stoph and other East German leaders are introduced because of the East German Prosecutor General's Office investigation of abuse and corruption.
demand for unity
Although dominated by the Leipzig Monday demonstrations and mass rallies in many other cities in late November, the call for democratic reforms in the GDR still, first calls for reunification are loud. "Germany, united- Fatherland "," No more experiments, reunification now stands on the banners of the demonstrators. The Monday demonstration on December 11, drowned while the new slogan "We are one people", the original slogan "We are the people", but there are also banners with slogans like "We do not have carbon on the clean lunch table, or slogans like" No sell-out of East Germany "and" we will not Brdige.
The differences between supporters and opponents of German unity on the demonstrations and more clearly. Many supporters of the opposition movements of citizens and intellectuals, calling for the independence of the GDR pull back. They warn of a economic sellout of the GDR, while the majority of the population calls for a swift reunion. The demonstrations will lose more and more of their original meaning, because the primary objectives - have been fought - political reforms and free elections. They are in the spring of 1990 to forums for campaign speeches with a view to the forthcoming People's Parliament elections. On 13 March 1990 take on the last Monday demonstration in Leipzig just 30,000 - some 50,000 people.
On 19 December 1989, Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Prime Minister Hans Modrow for talks in Dresden. Both agree to a "common agreement on cooperation and good neighborliness "complete. At a large rally in front of the ruins of the Dresden Frauenkirche Helmut Kohl thanked for the" peaceful revolution in East Germany "and calls for German unity as the goal of his policy," when the historic hour permits.
The fall
After Hungary dismantles its border fortifications with Austria in May 1989 and on 11 September opens completely, there is repeated waves of emigration of East German citizens. This "voting with their feet" of Hungary and later the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) in the fall of 1989, production losses in the economy. The Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is threatening to close its border with East Germany. Simultaneously, the East German government will come through the protests and demonstrations of the "Stay here" to remain under pressure. To avoid a collapse of the GDR, the government decided to reform the Travel Act, the case of Wall initiates.
9th November 1989. To 18.57 clock raises Schabowski , member of the SED Politburo, an international press conference the journalists and reads haltingly in front of the cameras "from a piece of paper which has slipped to anyone," he confesses later, a decision of the Ministers to this a few minutes had been taken "private travel abroad may be made without proof of eligibility (travel or proving familial relationships) the permits are issued at short notice permanent exit can all border crossing points of the GDR to West Germany or Berlin (West).. success. " A Demand declared Schabowski, policy would come to his knowledge "immediately, without delay" in force.
During the night rush of thousands to the border to West Berlin. Without opening the border guards command transitions. In a delirious with joy beyond compare to other people fall into the arms and spontaneously celebrate the opening of the wall. This weekend, a human flood of millions of East German citizens in motion. In endless "Trabi" and "Wartburg" snakes, they go into the Federal Republic, visit explored cities and landscapes, they roam the "Shopping Paradise" with 100 D-Mark "welcome money" from the Federal Republic in the bag.
collapse of the power
After rally on Alexanderplatz on 4 November 1989 and the wall opening on 9 November, beating the events. The old power structures decompose rapidly, protesters calling for the German unit, members of the civil rights movements seek to achieve a democratic transformation of East Germany. On 13 November there will be a turning point in the People's Chamber . These will be selected - for the first time in a secret ballot - a new president, the chairman of the Democratic Farmers Party of Germany, Günther Maleuda . Prime Minister of the Dresdner SED District Secretary Hans Modrow .
Modrow announced in his policy statement radical reforms and a state compact with the Federal Republic. "Dangerous speculation about a reunion," but he issued a clear denial. On 26 November business, renowned personalities from politics, science, art and culture with the call "for our country" to the population. They support an independent East Germany, which is to form a "socialist alternative to the Federal Republic." End of November, however, at first demonstrations demands for reunification loud.
In Bundestag Chancellor Helmut Kohl brought on 28 November on his surprising 10-point program, as the concrete intermediate step on the path to unity provides a confederation. Willy Brandt sentence "Now grows together what belongs together" is a winged word.
melts away in a few weeks, the power of the SED: On 1 December underscores the People's Chamber to the leadership of the SED from the constitution. In a statement apologizing to Czechoslovakia them for the participation of the National People's Army from the crushing of the Prague Spring 1968th comes under pressure from the party base on 3 December, the Politburo of the SED under the leadership of Egon Krenz back. At a special party on 8 / 9 December proclaim the SED delegates break with the Stalinist past and do under the name SED-PDS as the "Party of Democratic Socialism" continue working. The lawyer Gregor Gysi is elected the new chairman. against Erich Honecker, Erich Mielke , Willi Stoph and other East German leaders are introduced because of the East German Prosecutor General's Office investigation of abuse and corruption.
demand for unity
Although dominated by the Leipzig Monday demonstrations and mass rallies in many other cities in late November, the call for democratic reforms in the GDR still, first calls for reunification are loud. "Germany, united- Fatherland "," No more experiments, reunification now stands on the banners of the demonstrators. The Monday demonstration on December 11, drowned while the new slogan "We are one people", the original slogan "We are the people", but there are also banners with slogans like "We do not have carbon on the clean lunch table, or slogans like" No sell-out of East Germany "and" we will not Brdige.
The differences between supporters and opponents of German unity on the demonstrations and more clearly. Many supporters of the opposition movements of citizens and intellectuals, calling for the independence of the GDR pull back. They warn of a economic sellout of the GDR, while the majority of the population calls for a swift reunion. The demonstrations will lose more and more of their original meaning, because the primary objectives - have been fought - political reforms and free elections. They are in the spring of 1990 to forums for campaign speeches with a view to the forthcoming People's Parliament elections. On 13 March 1990 take on the last Monday demonstration in Leipzig just 30,000 - some 50,000 people.
On 19 December 1989, Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Prime Minister Hans Modrow for talks in Dresden. Both agree to a "common agreement on cooperation and good neighborliness "complete. At a large rally in front of the ruins of the Dresden Frauenkirche Helmut Kohl thanked for the" peaceful revolution in East Germany "and calls for German unity as the goal of his policy," when the historic hour permits.
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